# Preparation

In this workshop, we continue working on the 2012 AuSSA dataset. Open the 2012 AuSSA data file that you saved in the workshop 3 (see <Figure 1>).

# Recoding variables

Researchers often make a new variable using existing variables. This job usually involves transforming a variable by grouping its categories or values.

## Creating a new variable of age groups

Suppose that we would like to know how many respondents are aged between 10 and 19, 20 and 29, 30 and 39, and so on. The best way to explore the distribution of age groups is to use a variable in which age is grouped in such a way. So, we are going to make a new age variable named agegrp using age variable. agegrp will have nine categories: Less than 20, 20—29, 30—39, 40—49, 50—59, 60—69, 70—79, 80—89 and more than 90. <Table 1> shows the recoding scheme of this task.

Table 1: Recoding scheme of age group variable
Old variable(age)
New variable(agegrp)
Values Values Labels
0 - 19 1 Less than 20
20 - 29 2 20-29
30 - 39 3 30-39
40 - 49 4 40-49
50 - 59 5 50-59
60 - 69 6 60-69
70 - 79 7 70-79
80 - 89 8 80-89
90 or more 9 More than 90
System- or user-missing System-missing System-missing
1. Go to Transform > Recode into Different Variables at the top menu.
1. In the box of Recode into Different Variables, select age in the left variable pane and move it to the right pane by clicking the arrow in the middle.

Troubleshooting: If you see variable labels instead of variable names, right-click at the left variable pane. Choose Display Variable Names. You will see variable names instead of variable labels. Also, choose Sort Alphabetically. Then, variables will be listed in an alphabetical order, which may make it easier to locate a variable of your interest. For more details, see the second step of Making a frequency table.

1. In the middle white section, 1) you will see “age ?”. In the section of Output Variable, 2) type a new variable name (agegrp) and its label (Age Group). 3) Click Change. “age ?” will be changed into “age agegrp”. Then, 4) click Old and New Values.
1. You will see a new box of Recode into Different Variables: Old and New Values. In the section of Old Value, 1) select Range, LOWEST through value: and type 19. Then, 2) type 1 in the section of New Value. Click Add. This means that values less than or equal to 19 will be converted into 1.
1. After then, 1) select Range and type 20 through 29. 2) Type 2 in the section of New Value. 3) Click Add. This means that values between 20 and 29 will be converted into 2.
1. Do the same procedure for other categories except for the final category. Then, your dialogue box should look like <Figure 7>.
1. Now, we will make the final category. 1) Select Range, value through HIGHEST: and type 90. Then, 2) type 9 in the section of New Value. 3) Click Add. This means that values equal to or greater than 90 will be converted into 9. After then, 4) click Continue at the bottom.
1. We need one more step. 1) select System- or user-missing in the section of Old Value and System-missing in the section of New Value. 2) Click Add. This will convert all missing values in age into missing values in agegrp. Click Continue at the bottom.
1. You will be back to the previous dialogue box. Click OK at the bottom.

2. In Data View, you will see the newly generated variable, agegrp, in the rightmost column.

3. Go to Variable View, assign value labels to values as in <Table 1>. Also, change the level of measurement for agegrp into Ordinal and set Decimals to 0. If you are not sure how to do these tasks, review How to enter data.

## Collapsing response categories

Sometimes we want to make a variable in which all responses are collapsed into two categories (e.g., whether people agree or don’t agree with a statement). Suppose that we want to make a variable which tells whether respondents agree or don’t agree with the statement that a preschool child is likely to suffer if his or her mother works. We will make a new variable, dichfepresch, using fepresch. <Table 2> shows the recoding scheme of this new variable.

Table 2: Recoding scheme of dichtomous view about working moms
Old variable(fepresch)
New variable(dichfepresch)
Values Labels Values Labels
1 Strongly agree 1 Agree
2 Agree
3 Neither agree nor disagree 0 Don’t agree
4 Disagree
5 Strongly disagree
8 Can’t choose System-missing System missing
1. Go to Transform > Recode into Different Variables. You will see age agegrp is still there. Click Reset at the bottom, which will remove all the previous settings. Every time you start a new task in SPSS, don’t forget to click Reset first.
1. In the box of Recode into Different Variables, 1) select fepresch in the left variable pane (Make sure that fepresch should be assigned as an ordinal variable in Variable View) and 2) click the arrow in the middle. Then, you will see “fepresch ?”. In the right pane of Output Variable, 3) type a new variable name (dichfepresch) and its label (Dichotomising fepresch). 4) Click Change. “fepresch ?” will be changed into “fepresch dichfepresch”. Then, 5) click Old and New Values.
1. Select System- or user-missing in the section of Old Value and System-missing in the section of New Value. Click Add. When you recode a variable, you MUST convert missing values in the old variable into missing values in the new variable.
1. Choose Range and type 1 through 2 in the section of Old Value. Type 1 in the section of New Value. Click Add.
1. Choose Range and type 3 through 5 in the section of Old Value. Type 0 in the section of New Value. Click Add. Then, click Continue at the bottom.
1. You will be back to the previous dialogue box. Click OK at the bottom.

2. In Data View, you will see the newly generated variable, dichfepresch, in the rightmost column.

3. Go to Variable View, assign value labels to values as in <Table 2>. Also, change the level of measurement for dichfepresch into Nominal and set Decimals to 0.

To check whether your new variable is created correctly, make a frequency table of dichfepresch. Compare your output with <Figure 16>. If your frequency table doesn’t look like <Figure 6>, it is likely that you made mistakes in recoding fepresch.

# Computing variables

## Creating a variable of birth years

Suppose that we want to make a new variable of birth years using age. Given that the survey was conducted in 2012, the relationship between birth years and age is:

$$Birth year = 2012 - Age$$

Let’s make a variable of birth years using the Compute command. Compute lets you construct a new variable by using functions like arithmetic or statistical functions. In this example, we will use an arithmetic function (i.e., addition, subtraction).

1. Go to Transform > Compute Variable.
1. In the window of Compute Variable, 1) type a name of new variables (in this example, it is byear) in the section of Target Variable:. 2) Type an equation that shows the relationship between old and new variables in the section of Numeric Expression: (in this example, $$2012 – age$$). 3) Click Type & Label, which will show a new window. 4) Type a label of new variables (in this example, it is “Birth Years”) and 5) click Continue at the bottom. 6) Click OK. After then, go to Variable View. You will see a newly created variable, byear, at the bottom.

## Creating a new variable by combining multiple variables

This time we will make a new variable, which is the mean age of couples. This new variable (avgcoupage) can be generated using the following equation:

$$avgcoupage = \frac {Respondent's\ age\ (age)\ +\ Spouse's\ age\ (spage)} {2}$$

1. Go to Transform > Compute Variable. And click Reset at the bottom.

2. In the window of Compute Variable, 1) type avgcoupage in the section of Target Variable:. 2) Type $$(age+spage)/2$$ in the section of Numeric Expression:. 3) Click Type & Label, which will show a new window. 4) Type a label of new variables (in this example, “Average Age of Couples”). 5) Click Continue at the bottom. 6) Click OK at the bottom. After then, you will see a newly created variable, avgcoupage.

Note that you will see a lot of missing values(.) in a newly made variable (see <Figure 20>). This is because we cannot calculate the average age of couples for people without a partner or spouse. Those who don’t have a partner of spouse will have missing values in avgcoupage.

# Workshop Activity 4: Recoding variables

1. fechld variable shows the extent to which people agree or disagree with the statement that a working mom can establish just as warm and secure a relationship with her children as a mother who does not work. Using fechld variable, make a new variable (fechld_r) which shows whether people agree or disagree with the statement. Thus, those who strongly agree or agree will be coded as 1, other responses as 0 (See <Table 3>). After making the new variable, you are required to assign value labels and an appropriate level of measurement. Then, create a frequency table of fechld_r. What percent of people agree with the statement? Please report just a number (e.g., If you get 15.6%, report 15.6). You can find it in Valid percent. Do not include % in the answer.

Table 3: Recoding scheme of fechld_r
Old variable(fechld)
New variable(fechld_r)
Values Labels Values Labels
1 Strongly agree 1 Agree
2 Agree
3 Neither agree nor disagree 0 Don’t agree
4 Disagree
5 Strongly disagree
8 Can’t choose System-missing System-missing

1. Using the topbot variable—10 scales in which the lowest class equals 1 and the highest class equals 10—, make a new class variable (topbot_r) in the following way. Values from 1 to 5 are collapsed into “lower class (1)”, 6 to 8 into “middle class (2)”, and 9 to 10 into “upper class (3)”. After making the new variable, you are required to assign value labels and an appropriate level of measurement. Then, create a frequency table of topbot_r. What percent of people is classified as middle class? Please report just a number (e.g., If you get 15.6%, report 15.6). You can find it in Valid percent. Do not include % in the answer.

Table 4: Recoding scheme of topbot_r
Old variable(topbot)
New variable(topbot_r)
Values Values Labels
1 1 Lower class
2
3
4
5
6 2 Middle class
7
8
9 3 Upper class
10
System- or user-missing System-missing System-missing

Last updated on 25 August, 2020 by Dr Hang Young Lee(hangyoung.lee@mq.edu.au)